<< database

• User Interface
• Query processor
• Storage manager
• Hardware

The storage manager layer provides the file interaction API, including four parts:

• Authorization and integrity manager
• Transaction manager
• Buffer manager
• File manager

# Architecture of Database system

• Centralized.
• C/S Structure.
• Parallel database system. Use multiple processors and memory to improve the process and I/O speed
• Distributed database system. The database is connected by WAN.

# Historical Perspective

• 1950s-1960s. magnetic tape, sequential access, input by tabulating card.
• 1960s-1970s. Hard disk. Random access.
• Codd. Relational model. non-procedure. Turing award.
• 1980s. Commerical application. IBM DB2, Oracle, Ingres, SQL becomes standard.
• 1990s. Internet.
• Early 2000s. XML. Xquery. Open source: MySQL, PostgreSQL.
• Late 2000s. NoSQL, NewSQL. Big Data.